- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026.
- by Yueqi XieLemeng LiangShuzhen LiYifu LuZhiwen XiaoMengdi ShiJunming HuangMengdi WangYu Xieahttps://ror.org/00hx57361Paul and Marcia Center on Contemporary China, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540bhttps://ror.org/00hx57361Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540chttps://ror.org/00hx57361Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540dhttps://ror.org/02v51f717Center for Social Research, Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceLarge language models (LLMs) enable the generation of data that could potentially be analyzed for social research. While the need for assessing the validity of such AI-generated data is widely recognized, we do not yet have a coherent …
- by Luca Maria Del BonoFederico Ricci-TersenghiFrancesco Zamponiahttps://ror.org/02be6w209Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza UniversitĂ di Roma, Rome 00185, Italybhttps://ror.org/00bc51d88CNR-Nanotec, Rome unit, Rome 00185, ItalycIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Roma1, Rome 00185, ItalyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceIn this work, we address a question that has attracted intense interest in recent years: whether machine learning-assisted algorithms can genuinely outperform classical approaches in challenging combinatorial optimization problems. While …
- by Malbor DervishiJan GĂĽntherJinhui LiHuriye Deniz UzunHans Christian Bruun HansenThomas GĂĽnther PomorskiAnja Thoe FuglsangViviana MonjeSøren Bakahttps://ror.org/035b05819Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmarkbhttps://ror.org/01y64my43Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14260chttps://ror.org/04tsk2644Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, GermanyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceThe basis for the selective activity of saponins across organisms, and for plant self-resistance during their biosynthesis and storage, is not fully understood. Here, we show that membrane sterol identity governs susceptibility to saponins and …
- by Giti SahaPratibha AnchiRichard WangAlyssa BiondoSadie MeyerVinata KondraguntaLarry L. LuchsingerIsmail SyedHumayun SharifHao WuVenkat Giri MagupalliaLaboratory of Molecular and Mechanistic Cell Signaling, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, Rye, NY 10580bLaboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, Rye, NY 10580cDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115dDepartment of Biological Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab EmirateseDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115fProgram in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceInflammasomes are supramolecular complexes that activate caspase-1 and other inflammatory caspases in response to pathogenic and damage stimuli. While inflammasomes play important roles in host defense, their excessive activation leads to …
- by MiklĂłs Csűrösahttps://ror.org/0161xgx34Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, UniversitĂ© de MontrĂ©al, MontrĂ©al, QC H3T 1J4, CanadaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceHow has evolution shaped the diverse gene repertoires of extant genomes? We find that current methods seeking to reconcile a genome phylogeny with complex gene sequence histories quickly hit a crisis-point where the phylogenetic signal for …
- by Gerard J. NuovoKoshi MimoriHajime OtsuEsmerina TiliCarlo M. CroceaGNOME Diagnostics, Powell, OH 143081bDepartment of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu 8740838, JapancThe Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Columbus, OH 43210dhttps://ror.org/00rs6vg23Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceCytotoxic T cells [cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)] play a critical role in antitumor immunity; however, cancer cells have evolved immune evasion strategies that impair CTL recognition and effector function. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive …
- by Marcella AlsanLiran EinavAmy FinkelsteinJonathan ZhangaDepartment of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305bNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138cDepartment of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139dSanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708eUnited States Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA 94025Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceThere is growing attention and concern about racial biases in some of the decision tools that clinicians use to decide on medical interventions, but considerably less evidence on the downstream consequences of these biases for patient …
- by Fiona L. KearnsAnthony T. BogettiCarla CalvĂł-TusellMac Kevin E. BrazaLorenzo CasalinoAmanda J. GrammSean BraetMia A. RosenfeldHarinda RajapakshaBryan BarkerGanesh AnandLillian T. ChongSurl-Hee AhnRommie E. AmaroaDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0340bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260cDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0340dDepartment of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802eOracle for Research, Oracle Cloud, Austin, TX 78741fDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceOur work reveals how the D614G mutation in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein reshapes its internal communication pathways and speeds up receptor binding domain (RBD) opening, providing mechanistic …
- by Jitka PolechováaDepartment of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, AustriaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceIn a time of accelerating climate change, we need a predictive theory of species’ range shifts, adaptation, and resilience of populations. Currently, predictions rely on theory that fails to incorporate the effects of interactions between …
- by Alexander ShtyrovHugh WilsonDaria SlowikKeitaro YamashitaJade LiMarcin WojdyrShaoxia ChenGreg McMullanJude M. ShortChristopher J. RussoRichard HendersonGarib N. MurshudovaMRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Structural Studies Division, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United KingdombStructural Biology Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku 153-8904, Tokyo, JapancGlobal Phasing Limited (United Kingdom), Cambridge CB3 0AX, United KingdomProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceUnderstanding the structure of biomolecules is key to explaining their function. Cryoelectron microscopy is a method for reconstructing the electrostatic potential distribution of a biological macromolecule, a quantity which contains …
- by Uma CrouchAndrew PaulIgnazio CarboneUwe BraunBailey PeltGerald HolmesSusumu TakamatsuDan-Ni JinShu-Yan LiuMichael BradshawaCenter for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606bInstitute of Biology, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Martin Luther University, Halle (Saale) 06099, GermanycStrawberry Center, College of Agriculture, Food & Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407dProfessor Emeritus, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, JapaneDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. Global crop movement has traditionally been viewed as a major driver of emerging plant diseases through the introduction of pathogens into naĂŻve environments. Here we show that the reverse process, introducing crops into regions containing endemic …
- by Jun YeZoey Z. HuBen LewisWei ZhangFritz RiehleUwe SterrYiqi NiJulian StruckaJILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309bJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109cPhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig 38116, GermanydLunetronic Inc., San Francisco, CA 94109Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificancePhysical conditions at the Moon’s permanently shadowed regions are ideal for constructing an ultrastable optical resonator. This passively cooled optical cavity will stabilize a laser with unprecedentedly long phase coherence time, surpassing …
- by Nicholas ChowGustavo ScanavachiAnand SaminathanTom KirchhausenaProgram in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115bDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115cDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceWhy does inhibiting the endosomal lipid kinase PIKfyve, which generates PI(5)P and PI(3,5)P2, block entry of some enveloped viruses but spare vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G)? Using single-round infectivity and live-cell three-dimensional (…
- by Graham P. SchmidtDihao WangAmala PhadkuleChern ChuangMike ReppertGabriela S. Schlau-CohenaDepartment of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139bDepartment of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907cDepartment of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154dDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceThe light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2) antenna of purple bacteria is a model system for photosynthetic light harvesting. The discovery of its delocalized excited states established a picture in which delocalization and associated rapid energy …
- by Piet BorstAnton BernsRoel NusseaThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The NetherlandsbHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026.
- by Jessica G. H. BruystensJian WuGerald TanDaniela BertinettiHans-Michael ZennBastian ZimmermannLisa ChenJohannes KöckenbergerFederica MassaroBanumathi SankaranMatthew S. WaltersGianluigi VegliaFleur M. FergusonFriedrich W. HerbergSusan S. TayloraDepartment of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093bDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel 34109, GermanycBiaffin GmBH & CoKG, Kassel 34132, GermanydDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093eDepartment of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of MinnesotafMolecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720gSkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093hDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceA potent protein kinase A (PKA)-selective kinase inhibitor, BLU0588, stabilizes the PKA catalytic subunit in an unusual open conformation and also abolishes the synergistic high-affinity binding of the physiological pseudosubstrate inhibitor …
- by Nikola SekulovskiFrantišek BartošDon van den BerghGiuseppe ArenaHenrik R. GodmannVipasha GoyalJulius M. PfadtMaarten MarsmanAdrian E. RafteryaDepartment of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1001 NK, The NetherlandsbDepartment of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceLogistic regression is a statistical method used to model binary outcome variables, such as whether a patient recovers or not, using a set of predictors. There are many competing methods for addressing uncertainty when selecting predictors, …
- by Abhishek SirohiwalJuliane JohnYury KutinRohit KumarFederico BasergaVivek SrinivasHugo LebretteMaximilian C. PöverleinAna P. Gamiz-HernandezJoachim HeberleMĂĽge KasanmascheffMartin HögbomVille R. I. KailaaDepartment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm 10691, SwedenbDepartment of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, IndiacDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Dortmund 44227, GermanydExperimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, GermanyeLaboratoire de Microbiologie et GĂ©nĂ©tique MolĂ©culaires, Centre de Biologie IntĂ©grative, CNRS, UniversitĂ© de Toulouse, Toulouse 31062, FranceProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceRibonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are ancient enzymes responsible for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. RNRs catalyze this reaction via a long-range proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process, involving the …
- by Julian WeningerAnubhav PrakashSukanya RamanRaj K. LadherMadan RaoKarsten Kruseahttps://ror.org/01swzsf04Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerlandbhttps://ror.org/01swzsf04Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerlandchttps://ror.org/02j1xr113Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat 131029, IndiadNational Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamentals Research, Bangalore 560065, IndiaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. SignificanceThe ordered arrangement of mechanosensory hair cells in vertebrate auditory epithelia relies on mechanical interactions among multiple cell types. Yet, how local mechanical heterogeneity produces tissue-scale organization remains unresolved. …
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