Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

• In This Issue
  May 26, 2026
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026.
• Indoor thermoregulatory homeostasis using hydrodynamic instability
  May 22, 2026 by Raphael KayRoss J. CocksCharles KatryczJ. Alstan JakubiecAtalaya Milan WilbornRafiq OmairJoanna AizenbergBenjamin D. Hattonahttps://ror.org/03dbr7087Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canadabhttps://ror.org/03dbr7087Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canadachttps://ror.org/03vek6s52Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138dhttps://ror.org/03dbr7087John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J5, Canadaehttps://ror.org/03dbr7087School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canadafhttps://ror.org/03vek6s52Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceIndoor temperature management underpins the sustainability of nearly every global sector, from agriculture to power generation and residential housing. However, optimal temperature management remains elusive due to an unresolved tradeoff: …
• Age-based approach to characterize the dynamics of cellular processes
  May 22, 2026 by Elad NoorKirill JefimovErsilia BifulcoEvgeny OnischenkoaDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, IsraelbDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceTo be functional, cells must balance the production and degradation of biological molecules. This dynamics is often studied by labeling newly made molecules with isotopic or fluorescent labels. However, determining dynamic parameters of …
• Collective motion in bacterial suspensions is scale-free
  May 22, 2026 by Benjamín Pérez-EstayVincent MartinezCarine DouarcheJana Schwarz-LinekJochen ArltPierre-Henri DelvilleGail McConnellWilson C. K. PoonAnke LindnerEric ClementaPhysique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, Francebhttps://ror.org/01nrxwf90School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdomchttps://ror.org/03xjwb503Laboratoire Fluides, Automatique et Systèmes Thermiques, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, Francedhttps://ror.org/00n3w3b69Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdomehttps://ror.org/055khg266Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75005, France
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceNature abounds with highly performative collective behaviors, from bird flocks and fish schools to ant colonies and multicellular tissues. Comparable emergent dynamics arise in bacterial suspensions, where hydrodynamic interactions drive self-…
• Correction for Scherrer et al., Characterizing sliding and rolling contacts between single particles
  May 22, 2026
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026.
• Forbidden Sidon subsets of perfect difference sets, featuring a human-assisted proof
  May 22, 2026 by Boris AlexeevDustin G. MixonaIndependent Researcher, Athens, GA 30605bhttps://ror.org/00rs6vg23Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210chttps://ror.org/00rs6vg23Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceHistorically, mathematical proofs have been written and evaluated by humans, but in principle they could be formalized and verified by a computer program, essentially eliminating doubts about correctness. Proof assistants such as Lean make …
• On the large-scale radiative cooling induced by tropical cyclone activity
  May 22, 2026 by Gabriel A. RiosGabriel A. VecchiWenchang YangaProgram in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540bDepartment of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540cHigh Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton, NJ 08540
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceAlthough the effects of the large-scale climate on tropical cyclones (TCs) have been broadly explored, it is not yet fully understood how TC activity modifies the climate system. In this study, we analyze the upscale influence of TCs on the …
• Light-controlled disruption of cancer cell dormancy via photoswitchable stress hormone receptor degraders
  May 21, 2026 by Karina M. FreitagRobin ScheupleinChiara OrlacchioViola AnsuinelliTommaso FavaVincent FischerBohan ZhangMiriam KretschmerMahshid GazorpakErick M. CarreiraKatharina GappaLaboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, SwitzerlandbLaboratory of Epigenetics and Neuroendocrinology, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8057, SwitzerlandcNeuroscience Center Zürich, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceStress hormone signaling through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) induces a reversible, drug-tolerant dormancy state in cancer cells. However, systemic GR depletion is not viable due to its essential roles in non-pathological physiology. In …
• Amplification-free dual-blocking autocatalytic CRISPR-Cascade for attomolar DNA detection with low nonspecific signal
  May 21, 2026 by Jongwon LimAn Bao VanMatthew WesterKatherine KoprowskiEnrique ValeraRashid BashiraDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801bNick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801cMaterials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801dCarl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801eDepartment of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801fDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801gDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801hDepartment of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61801iBiohub, Chicago, IL 60642
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceAmplification-free CRISPR diagnostics are often described as simple positive feedback circuits, yet background noise signal from target-independent activation can be undesirably high. Existing approaches treat these background “leakage” …
• The effector NlOBP1b from the brown planthopper suppresses rice immunity by manipulating the OsCK2 complex
  May 21, 2026 by Chao WangCan WeiChang-Lai QiuSupaporn FalertYong-Qian ZhangShi-Yu YuMan-Qun WangaHubei Key Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinabMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceThis study elucidates the role of OBP1b in the feeding process of the BPH. Unlike the conventional olfactory function, NlOBP1b is secreted into rice plants during feeding, where it disrupts the normal function of OsCK2, thereby inhibiting the …
• Evolution of genome-wide barriers to gene flow during complex speciation in rattlesnakes
  May 21, 2026 by Keaka FarleighDylan K. HighlandMegan G. AldermanYannick FrancioliSamuel R. HirstEllie M. FaberBlair W. PerryMatthew L. HoldingGamaliel Castañeda-GaytánMiguel BorjaHector Franz-ChávezChristopher L. ParkinsonJason L. StricklandMark J. MargresStephen P. MackessyJesse M. MeikTodd A. CastoeDrew R. Schieldahttps://ror.org/0153tk833Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903bhttps://ror.org/019kgqr73Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019chttps://ror.org/032db5x82Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620dhttps://ror.org/05hs6h993Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824ehttps://ror.org/00jmfr291Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109fhttps://ror.org/00jmfr291Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109ghttps://ror.org/02w0sqd02Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gòmez Palacio, Durango 35019, MéxicohHerp.MX, Villa de Àlvarez, Colima 28970, Méxicoihttps://ror.org/037s24f05Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634jhttps://ror.org/01s7b5y08Biology Department, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688khttps://ror.org/016bysn57Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639lhttps://ror.org/0263v9e25Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceHow speciation occurs in the face of gene flow is a central question in biology. Comparing species at different stages of divergence enables us to better understand this process by tracing how barriers to gene exchange accumulate across the …
• Illuminating proinflammatory myeloid cells with PET tracers targeting GPR84
  May 21, 2026 by Mausam KalitaRenesmee C. KuoValentina StranieroSamantha T. ReyesMallesh PandralaAlessia LanziniSara MarsangoDesiree D’MoorePiper MahnAndrew SetiadiMira SundarSpencer MakSydney NagyIsrat S. AlamPoorva JainGrace InayRim MalekAllen F. BrooksCorinne BeinatErmanno ValotiPeter J. H. ScottGraeme MilliganMichelle L. Jamesahttps://ror.org/00f54p054Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305bhttps://ror.org/00f54p054Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305chttps://ror.org/00wjc7c48Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy 20133dhttps://ror.org/00vtgdb53Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom G12 8QQeDivision of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109fhttps://ror.org/00f54p054Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceNeuroinflammation plays a central role in many neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, yet current imaging tools cannot specifically detect the maladaptive myeloid responses that play a central role in disease progression. Herein, …
• Unsupervised and probabilistic learning with Contrastive Local Learning Networks: The Restricted Kirchhoff Machine
  May 21, 2026 by Marcelo GuzmanSimone CiarellaAndrea J. LiuaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104bNetherlands eScience Center, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, The NetherlandscLaboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris F-75005, FrancedSanta Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceIn resistor networks, physics computes voltages at selected output nodes automatically and rapidly by exploiting Kirchhoff’s laws when voltages are applied at input nodes. Such networks have been harnessed for autonomous supervised learning, …
• The simplicity of the Hodge bundle
  May 21, 2026 by Anand Patelahttps://ror.org/05vf56z40Department of Mathematics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceThis paper represents the current state-of-the-art in agentic AI mathematical research capability. The mathematics, interesting as it is, has a somewhat secondary importance: An autonomous agent proves a clean result of interest to a large …
• Capturing nuclear quantum effects in high-pressure superconducting hydrides and ice with nuclear–electronic orbital theory
  May 21, 2026 by Logan E. SmithPaolo SettembriAlessio CucciariLilia BoeriGianni ProfetaSharon Hammes-SchifferaDepartment of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544bPSI Center for Scientific Computing, Theory and Data, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI 5232, SwitzerlandcDepartment of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila 67100, ItalydDipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza – Università di Roma, Roma 00185, ItalyeCNR-SPIN L’Aquila, L’Aquila 67100, Italy
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceComputational methods for reliably determining the structures of hydrogen-rich materials are important for designing materials in energy technologies ranging from hydrogen storage to superconductivity. Standard computational methods struggle …
• From free speech advocates to critics: The Trump administration’s new rhetoric promotes support for censorship among Trump voters
  May 21, 2026 by Matthew E. K. HallB. Tyler LeighBrittany C. Solomonahttps://ror.org/03cq4gr50Department of Political Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556bhttps://ror.org/03cq4gr50Department of Management & Organization, Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. Most Americans claim to support freedom of speech, including President Donald Trump who has portrayed himself as an ardent defender of this constitutional right. However, in the wake of Charlie Kirk’s assassination, Trump and members of his administration …
• Observation of chiral bound states in the continuum in self-biased magneto-optical photonic crystals
  May 21, 2026 by Maohua GongQiutong ZhenYujie TangPeng HuQing-An TuYan MengPeiheng ZhouZhen GaoaState Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacturing Technology, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics Intellisense, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, ChinabNational Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, ChinacSchool of Physics and New Energy, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, ChinadMarine Science and Technology Domain, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai 519088, China
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceChiral bound states in the continuum (BICs) with infinite quality factor and chiral response have recently sparked significant interest across both fundamental and applied physics. Here, we report an experimental observation of magnetically …
• Cultural evolution of beauty standards
  May 21, 2026 by Louis BoucherieSagar KumarKatharina LedeburAugust LohseKarolina ŚliwaaDepartment of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, DenmarkbCenter for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, DenmarkcNetwork Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115dComputational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115eComplexity Science Hub, 1030 Vienna, AustriafInstitute of the Science of Complex Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, AustriagDanish School of Education, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkhDepartment of Information Systems and Operations Management, Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1020 Vienna, Austria
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceWho gets to be beautiful, and who decides? The media and fashion industry set aspirational body standards with measurable consequences for body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Calls for greater diversity have grown louder, and the …
• Molecular de-extinction looks to the past to find the molecules of the future
  May 20, 2026 by David Adam
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026.
• TGFb signaling instructs a conserved fibrosis-associated cell state marked by LRRC15
  May 20, 2026 by Justin A. ShyerFabien WehbeChristopher D. DavidsonHannah S. BenderMinh ThaiChristian CoxAlsu MissarovaAlexander ArlanticoBen HallRuoyu ZhangDavid KimAnthony AltieriShakir HasanAfshin NamdarTina ChenShaheed W. HakimCynthia GuidosHans D. BrightbillTony KuoGraham HeimbergHéctor Corrada BravoRojo A. RatsimandresySalil UttarwarGrace TengOmar SalemMehrdad ArjomandiMark S. WilsonSpyros DarmanisJames ZiaiAlexis ScherlZora ModrusanPaul J. WoltersMatthew B. BuechlerJason A. Vander HeidenShannon J. TurleyaGenentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080bRoche Informatics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Mississauga, ON L5N 5M8, CanadacDepartment of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, CanadadHospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, CanadaeSt. Joseph’s Health Centre, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M6R 1B5, CanadafDepartment of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143gSchroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. SignificanceThis study defines the transcriptional heterogeneity of lung myofibroblasts, revealing two key cell states associated with either inflammation or extracellular matrix (ECM) production. We identify LRRC15 as a restricted marker of the ECM …

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