- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025.
- by Ningyu XuQi ZhangChao DuQiang LuoXipeng QiuXuanjing HuangMenghan ZhangaCollege of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, ChinabInstitute of Modern Languages and Linguistics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, ChinacShanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Shanghai 200438, ChinadInstitute of Trustworthy Embodied Artificial Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, ChinaeResearch Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, ChinafState Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceLarge language models (LLMs) show intriguing human-like behaviors despite being trained solely via language prediction. Are these models developing human-like concepts central to human understanding? Here, we demonstrate that LLMs can flexibly …
- by Miroslav KocifajFabio FalchiFrantišek KundracikaDepartment of Optics and Thermophysics, Institute of Construction and Architecture, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 03, SlovakiabDepartment of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava 842 48, SlovakiaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceClouds significantly influence the propagation of both natural and artificial light at night (ALAN), altering nocturnal light conditions with potential ecological consequences, among other factors. To accurately predict light pollution, we …
- by Harshit TiwariLekha SharmaMahendra K. VermaaDepartment of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, IndiabKotak School of Sustainability, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, IndiaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceThermal convection efficiently transports heat in astrophysical and engineering flows. Normally, we expect hot plumes to ascend and cold plumes to descend, resulting in a positive heat flux. This paper presents evidence that in Rayleigh-Bénard …
- by Kangze DongGuangtao ZanXiaoge MaoHongmin ZhouHuasen WangQingsheng WuTong WuaSchool of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute of Advanced Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of ChinabDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of KoreaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceConductive folding metamaterials were fabricated by a newly developed laser–electric-field coupled biomimetic electrospinning technique. This work achieves three key breakthroughs: 1) A revolutionary synthesis method. Laser and electrostatic …
- by Georgios IatropoulosWulfram GerstnerJohanni BreaaSchool of Life Sciences and School of Computer and Communication Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, SwitzerlandProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceWhile most experiences are forgotten after only a few days, some memories can last an entire lifetime. The neurophysiological mechanisms that enable such memory preservation are poorly understood but are believed to be active during sleep, …
- by Chihiro MatsumotoKazuki K. TakahashiMasaaki IwatsukiNoriko Yasuda-YoshiharaAtsushi NiidaKohei YamashitaTakeshi MorinagaKojiro EtoShiro IwagamiSatoshi IdaHiromu YanoYoshihiro KomoharaYuji MiyamotoTakaaki MasudaYasuhito TanakaKoshi MimoriHideo BabaaDepartment of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, JapanbDepartment of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-0840, JapancLaboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0071, JapandDepartment of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, JapaneDepartment of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kochi University, Kochi 783-0043, JapanfDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, JapanProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceGastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by polyposis localized in the gastric body and fundus with a strong tendency for adenocarcinoma. In this study, we …
- by Stefan ThurnerMarkus HoferJan KorbelaCenter for Medical Data Science, Institute of the Science of Complex Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, AustriabComplexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna 1030, AustriacSanta Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceIn an increasingly interconnected world, rising political polarization threatens social cohesion and democratic stability. Here, we demonstrate that the two trends might be fundamentally connected: Increasing social connectivity, often seen as …
- by Xichao ZhangJing XiaYan ZhouGuoping ZhaoXiaoxi LiuYongbing XuMasahito MochizukiaDepartment of Applied Physics, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, JapanbCollege of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, ChinacGuangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Aggregate Science, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, ChinadDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, JapaneNational Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, ChinafJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinagSchool of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, ChinahYork-Nanjing International Center for Spintronics, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United KingdomProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceMagnetic skyrmions are particle-like topological spin textures in chiral magnets, which can be used as information carriers in spintronic devices. Our work is a piece of research to apply nanofluidic science to skyrmion-based functional …
- by Taylor J. B. ForresterSicheng LinTodd L. LowaryMatthew S. KimberaDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadabDepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, CanadacDepartment of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, CanadadInstitute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, TaiwaneInstitute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, TaiwanProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceWrtF is a glycosyltransferase that incorporates fucose residues into O-polysaccharide, resulting in a relatively hydrophobic O-polysaccharide that helps host plants recognize these bacteria as commensals. This enzyme belongs to a different …
- by Pengfei LiSean HuiZhenlu ChongOlivier EscaffreMichael N. NguyenStefanie P. MuraroHana JanovaHongming MaShiqi CaoTomasz KaszubaBrian ImbiakhaSathvik PalakurtyMadison L. PearsonDavid A. PriceGaya K. AmarasingheDaisy W. LeungShannan L. RossiAlexander N. FreibergDaved H. FremontMichael S. DiamondaDepartment of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110bDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110cDepartment of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555dInstitute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555eDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110fDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110gAndrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110hCenter for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceThe first step in many viral infections is the interaction with entry receptors on target cells. While receptors for some viruses are well described (e.g., HIV, CD4; SARS-CoV-2, ACE2; and poliovirus, PVR), the molecules that facilitate binding …
- by Raegan S. LogueAna K. GarciaBrissa A. BejaranoTaylor FujiokaMikayla DukeRiley K. KendallAndrew M. WikenheiseraDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceThe mechanisms by which animals trade off competing goals remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether rats use rational decision-making strategies to balance essential needs with nonessential pursuits like leisure by letting rats …
- by Shu LiuPeichun ZengDingyue BanChunyu ZhangFanjiang KongXiaoming LiXingliang HouaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinabUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049, ChinacGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceAs the demand for soybean protein rapidly grows, higher seed protein content is desired. Wild soybeans exhibit substantially higher seed protein level than elite cultivars, indicating a loss of storage protein during domestication. Here, we …
- by Sara HestehaveRoxana FloreaSamuel SingletonAlex J. H. FedorecSara CaxariaOakley B. MorganKatharina Tatjana KoppLaurence A. BrownTim HeymannShafaq SikandarFelix HauschStuart N. PeirsonSandrine M. GérantonaDepartment of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United KingdombDivision of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, United KingdomcExperimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London EC1M 6BQ, United KingdomdDepartment of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, GermanyeResearch Support Team, Information Technology Services, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6NN, United KingdomfDepartment of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, GermanygDepartment of Chemistry, Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, GermanyhNuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United KingdomProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceOur study reveals that early inhibition of FKBP51, a modulator in the stress axis, at the onset of joint damage provides sustained pain relief and significantly delays or prevents emotional comorbidities in a sex-dependent manner. In contrast, …
- by Matteo DianoCarlos Andrés MéndezOlga Dal MonteMarco LanzilottoDavide OrsenigoAlessio BorrieroEnrico PremiAlessia CeleghinMatteo PanormitaLuca BoniniGiuseppe Di CesareMarzio GerbellaGiacomo RizzolattiHolly BridgeMarco TamiettoaDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of Torino, Torino 10124, ItalybInstitut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 69100, FrancecDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205dDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43124, ItalyeCENTAI Institute, Torino 10138, ItalyfInternational School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, ItalygPegaso Telematic University, Naples 80143, ItalyhStroke Unit, “Spedali Civili” Hospital, Brescia 25123, ItalyiDepartment of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven University, Leuven BE-3000, BelgiumjWellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Nuffield OX3 9DU, United KingdomkDepartment of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5000 LE, the NetherlandsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceThe human superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure that integrates multisensory information for guiding motor behaviors. Understanding its functions and connections with the rest of the brain is essential for unraveling neural …
- by Anqi LiDong TongBenjamin OhlsteinZheng GuoaDepartment of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, ChinabChildren’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235cCell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificancePrevious studies utilizing an exogenous expression system with fluorescently tagged histones observed that during germline stem cell (GSC) and intestinal stem cell (ISC) divisions, preexisting histone subunit 3.1 (H3.1) was preferentially …
- by Ben DeenWinrich A. FreiwaldaDepartment of Psychology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118bLaboratory for Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceA long-standing debate in cognitive science and neuroscience concerns whether mechanisms for information processing in the human brain are domain-specific—comprising multiple systems specialized to process certain types of information, such as …
- by Grzegorz P. BeretaEwa BieleckaKarolina MarzecŁukasz PijanowskiArtur P. BielaPiotr WilkMarta KamińskaJakub NowakElżbieta Wątor-WilkPrzemysław GrudnikDominik KowalczykJoanna KoziełPiotr MydelMarcin PorębaTomasz KantykaaMalopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, PolandbDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, PolandcSOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-392, PolanddBroegelmann Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Bergen NO-5020, NorwayeDepartment of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, PolandProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceRheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antibodies against citrullinated epitopes. The source of such peptides and trigger leading to the disease onset are still under debate. In this paper, we show that …
- by Natalie J. GuzikowskiElena D. BagatelasOk-Ho ShinYousuf A. KhanLuis EsquiviesBaris AltenAxel T. BrungerEge T. KavalaliaDepartment of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-7933bVanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-7933cDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305dDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305eDepartment of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305fDepartment of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305gHHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificanceThe investigation into the pathophysiology of rare de novo variants in the integral soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex protein, synaptobrevin-2, reveals fundamental principles of synaptic …
- by Haocheng TangJunmei WangaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213bComputational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 44, November 2025. SignificancePrecisely predicting interactions between diverse biomolecules, including small molecules, peptides, and nucleic acids, is fundamental to drug design. We developed SiteAF3, a generalized, high-accuracy, site-specific modeling tool that …
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