- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026.
- by John SebastianKaare H. JensenaDepartment of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, DenmarkProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificancePointed objects such as stingers, horns, and teeth have been observed to exhibit a paraboloid geometry at the tip. Interestingly, this tip geometry is not exclusive to biological structures; it is also found in abiotic forms as disparate as …
- by Xuyang LiuWensheng CaiHaohao FuXueguang ShaoaResearch Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, ChinabHaihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceCurrent methods for analyzing protein folding, like Markov state models, are limited by a “state-centric” paradigm that imposes biased assumptions about state definitions and kinetics before analysis. We present conditional transition …
- by Seung Gyo JeongIn Hyeok ChoiSreejith NairLuca BuiarelliBita PourbahariJin Young OhBonnie Y.X. LinJames M. LeBeauNabil BassimDaigorou HiraiAmbrose SeoWoo Seok ChoiRafael M. FernandesTuran BirolLiuyan ZhaoJong Seok LeeBharat JalanaDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota−Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455bDepartment of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of KoreacCanadian Centre for Electron Microscopy and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, CanadadDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 1L9, CanadaeDepartment of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of KoreafDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139gDepartment of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, JapanhDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506iSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota−Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455jDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801kDepartment of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceAltermagnetism, a recently proposed form of magnetic order, has been predicted in rutile RuO2but its existence has remained controversial, as bulk crystals or thick films appear nonmagnetic. We demonstrate that epitaxial strain in ultrathin …
- by Yao DengXia ZouHan ZhangXiaoyan LuXingming ZhaoWenjuan JiaYingjiao XuFang YangHisashi NarimatsuYan ZhangaKey Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Center for Chemical Glycobiology, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinabShanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine (China)-National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Japan) Joint Medical Glycomics Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinacCellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, JapanProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceN-acetylgalactosamine (O-GalNAc) glycosylation, initiated by the polypeptide N-acetylgalatosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-T) family, constitutes the predominant form of O-glycosylation in the brain. While glycomic studies have delineated glycan …
- by Kristina LilovaTamilarasan SubramaniIsabella MontiniAnne HarrisonManuel ScharrerJun WuHongwu XuAlexandra NavrotskyaCenter for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281bSchool of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281cBiochemistry and Biophysics Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331dSchool of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281eEarth, Environment, and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceThe immune interactions and drug delivery performance of the engineered nanocarriers depend critically on their interactions with biological systems posing a central and unresolved challenge in nanomedicine. Here, we quantify the primary …
- by Yuting HuangArash ManafiradSimon MatooriLaura R. ArriagaSijie SunAnqi ChenXin YangAnthony D. DinsmoreDavid J. MooneyDavid A. WeitzaDepartment of Applied Physics, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138bDepartment of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003cDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, CanadadDepartment of Bioengineering, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115eDepartment of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Condensed Matter Physics Center and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, SpainfDepartment of Grain and Food Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506gDepartment of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceVesicles, which consist of aqueous cores surrounded by lipid bilayers, are widely explored for drug encapsulation and delivery due to their resemblance to cell membranes. Polymersomes, formed from bilayers of block copolymers, offer enhanced …
- by Brady R. T. RobertsWilma A. BainbridgeaDepartment of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637bInstitute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637cNeuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceDespite their prevalence, little is known about how everyday symbols (e.g., !@#$%) are processed in memory. We identified visual and conceptual features of symbols that predict how well they will be remembered. Using generative AI, we …
- by Hui DongJie LeiYunlu TianJuan LiuHang YangXiaokang JiangRushuang ZhangYu ZhangRongbo ChenYiqun BaoFeng LiuYulong RenYaping LuXi LiuShijia LiuXue YangErchao DuanXuan TengYunlong WangChuanwei GuYipeng ZhangXiaoli ChenYunpeng ZhangHongyi XuRui ShaXia XuRuomeng LiGongyu LiYihua WangJianmin WanaState Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Jiangsu Nanjing Rice Germplasm Resources National Field Observation and Research Station, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinabTianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, ChinacCollege of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinadState Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceImproving grain appearance is a priority for rice breeding, as chalkiness markedly reduces commercial value. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized metabolic pathway involving D-amino acids that regulates this trait. We show that theD-…
- by Chen YuDavid MatthewsJingxian WangJing GuDouglas BlackistonMichael RubensteinSam KriegmanaCenter for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208bDepartment of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155cWyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceAll legged robots deployed “in the wild” to date were given a body plan that was predefined by human designers and could not be redefined in situ. The manual and permanent nature of this process has resulted in very few species of agile …
- by Long WenGang ChenShuguang WangJi NieKun ZhaoaState Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Meteorological Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinabDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, ChinacKey Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210019, ChinadSchool of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaeChina Meteorological Administration Tornado Key Laboratory, Foshan 528315, ChinafInstitute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing 100871, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceObservations of raindrop size distribution are crucial, as they provide a key link between cloud microphysics, remote sensing, hydrology, and climate science. Despite a long history of measurement, significant inconsistencies and uncertainties …
- by Anna B. SunshineSuleyman GulsunerC. Andrew WilliamsMartina SarchiRobert Y. ChenChristopher CavanaughJennifer HessonJulie MathieuJessica E. YoungJon M. McClellanMary-Claire KingaDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195bInstitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195cDepartment of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195dDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195eDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195fDepartment of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195gDepartment of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceWhile the contribution to schizophrenia of rare severe mutations is well established, only about a dozen such genes have been linked to the illness by functional studies. These genes are often revealed by damaging de novo mutations in patients …
- by Leonie I. WeberLea E. TimpenAnna-Sophia Egger-HörschingerPhilemon SchöpfNesin D. AyhanDavid DemmelMadlen HotzeYang ZhangMahdi MehrabiKane PuglisiEduard StefanNassim Ghaffari-Tabrizi-WizsyJosé M. Ramos-PittolMarcel KwiatkowskiMarkus HartlaInstitute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, AustriabCenter for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, AustriacOtto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, AustriadInstitute of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, AustriaeTyrolean Cancer Research Institute, ONCOkinase laboratory, Innsbruck 6020, AustriaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceDue to its pleiotropic functions in gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and metabolism, MYC family members have a fundamental impact on cell growth control and proliferation. Aberrant activation of MYC provokes derailed cell signaling and …
- by Wenyu ZhouL. Ruby LeungBryce E. HarropZiming ChenChuan-Chieh ChangaAtmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceUnderstanding how land relative humidity (RH) has changed and how well Earth system models capture those changes is critical, yet progress has been impeded by limited coverage of observations, biases in global reanalyses, and complex …
- by Erin DoodyJianfei ZhaoBishwas SharmaR. Scott PoethigaBiology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceTransposable elements are important sources of genomic novelty across plants and animals. Via a genome-wide association study inArabidopsis thaliana, we have identified a polymorphic Helitron/RC transposable element that is involved in …
- by Guangli ZhuShuhei AsadaJithma P. AbeykoonLifang SunSirisha MukkavalliAlan D. D’AndreaaDivision of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215bDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinacDivision of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceThe integration of the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genome into host DNA is a critical event in carcinogenesis, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study reveals that the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein actively promotes …
- by Konrad KnöpperAnshul RaoJinping AnJason G. CysteraHHMI and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceAdaptive immunity is critically dependent on dendritic cells (DCs) and their ability to take up foreign molecules for processing and presentation to T cells. DCs in the skin are exposed to a diversity of environmental chemicals, and whether …
- by Xiujuan ZhangDonovan RichartShane McFarlinFang ChengSoo Yeun ParkAnwen Zhang-ChenRichenda McFarlaneChuan XiaoZiying YanJianming QiuaDepartment of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160bDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294cGeneGoCell Inc., San Diego, CA 92127dDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificancerAAVs are widely used vectors for human gene therapy, yet the mechanisms governing their entry into host cells remain incompletely understood. While multiple AAV serotypes depend on the broadly expressed AAV receptor (AAVR) for cellular entry, …
- Wild vegetables contribute to improving the diversity and sustainability of vegetable diets in Chinaby Li HuangLinlin HuangYajie JiangLijuan TianJinlong ChenSiwei HuLihua ZhouCheng JinSuhui MaC. Y. JimYongchuan YangZhiming ZhangZhiyao TangaState Key Laboratory of Vegetation Structure, Function and Construction (VegLab) and School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, ChinabKey Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, ChinacState Key Laboratory of Vegetation Structure, Function and Construction (VegLab), Institute of Ecology, and College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, ChinadSchool of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, ChinaeDepartment of Social Sciences and Policy Studies, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceThis study provides an assessment of the current market supply of cultivated vegetables and explored the potential role of wild vegetables in enhancing dietary diversity in China. We found that the overall diversity of cultivated vegetables …
- by Shun HiramatsuKaito KabetaniShu KondoHiromu TanimotoaDepartment of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, JapanbDepartment of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, JapanProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 10, March 2026. SignificanceWhat determines memory stability? We show that distinct presynaptic vesicle populations underlie the labile and consolidated memories, which are simultaneously formed following odor-shock associative learning in fruit flies. These distinct …
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