- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025.
- by Nikita GladkovIgor PakAleksandr ZiminaDepartment of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095bDepartment of Mathematics, School of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceThe bunkbed conjecture, proposed in 1985, addresses whether certain probabilities in network models, specifically in percolation theory, exhibit a predictable monotonic behavior. While the conjecture has been supported in specific cases, its …
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025.
- by Hiroki TanakaJoao Diogo DiasBasile JayShunsuke KitaMina SasakiHiroyuki TakedaNaoki KishimotoShunsuke SasakiShogo MisumiMasashi MizokamiChristine NeuveutTakashi SumikamaMikihiro ShibataKatsumi MaenakaShinichi MachidaaDepartment of Structural Virology, National Institute of Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JapanbInstitut de GĂ©nĂ©tique Humaine, Laboratoire de Virologie MolĂ©culaire, CNRS UniversitĂ© de Montpellier, Montpellier 34000, FrancecLaboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, JapandDivision of Proteo-Drug-Discovery Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, JapaneDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, JapanfGenome Medical Sciences Project, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-8516, JapangWorld Premier International Research Center Initiative, Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, JapanhHigh-speed Atomic Force Microscopy for Biological Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, JapaniCenter for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, JapanjGlobal Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, JapankHokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Sapporo 060-0812, JapanlGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, JapanProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceHBx plays a pivotal role in HBV replication by enhancing cccDNA transcription. However, the HBx structure remains unsolved, representing a significant gap in knowledge. Here, we show the cryo-EM structure of HBx in complex with DDB1, which is …
- by Xing-Zhou TangChao-Yi LiZhi-Jun HuangJia-Hui ZhaoYu-Xi ChenNicholas L. AbbottJuan J. de PabloYan-Qing LuBing-Xiang LiaCollege of Electronic and Optical Engineering and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, ChinabPritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637cNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinadSmith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853eCenter for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439fTandon School of Engineering, New York University, 70 Washington Square South, New York, NY 10012Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceThis work achieves the refraction and reflection of flexoelectric-induced directrons at interfaces. With identical physical properties of the media on both sides of the interface, as well as uniform external fields and boundary anchoring …
- by Mamoru TakataMichihiko TakahashiTomoki IshibashiEisuke TasakiOlav RueppellEdward L. VargoKenji MatsuuraaLaboratory of Insect Ecology, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, JapanbDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, CanadacDepartment of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceAside from potential de novo germ-line mutations, the DNA sequence of sperm remains largely unchanged with paternal age, whereas DNA methylation patterns have been shown to change. These alterations in methylation patterns also impact the …
- by Hui JiangHongfang YunXu WangZhuo ShenGenyu LiuTao ZouTingting GuoMengyao WuYuchen LuLijiao DengJu MiaoHongbin DengZengqiang YuanJiyan ZhangaBeijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, ChinabSchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, ChinacSchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 421001, ChinadJoint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 421001, ChinaeInstitute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, ChinafChinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceAlveolar macrophage (AM) development and function depends on signature transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-Îł (PPARÎł). The regulation of PPARÎł stability during AM development and maintenance remains unexplored. Here, …
- by Datao WangHengxing BaXunsheng LiTomas Landete-CastillejosWanwan ShiZhen WangJing RenHongmei SunLouis ChoncoChao MaGuokun ZhangGerry MelinoYufang ShiChunyi LiaInstitute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun 130600, ChinabInstitute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, ChinacCollege of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinadInstituto de InvestigaciĂłn en Recursos CinegĂ©ticos, Universidad de Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete 02071, SpaineDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome 00133, ItalyfThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceDeer antlers represent a unique biological feature in mammals, distinguished by their ability to fully regenerate and serve as a prominent example of male secondary sex characteristics. Previous studies established the influence of androgens …
- by Wenwu LinPeter D. NagyaDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceViruses with positive-strand RNA genomes cause many diseases in humans and plants. These viruses code for a small number of proteins. Posttranslational modifications expand the repertoire of their functions. In this work, we show that p33 …
- by Quang D. TranMartin LenzGuillaume LamourLilian PatyMaritzaida Varela-SalgadoClĂ©ment CampilloHugo WiolandAntoine JegouGuillaume Romet-LemonneCĂ©cile LeducaUniversitĂ© Paris CitĂ©, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris F-75013, FrancebUniversitĂ© Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique ThĂ©orique et Modèles Statistiques, Orsay F-91405, FrancecPhysique et MĂ©canique des Milieux HĂ©tĂ©rogènes, CNRS, Ecole SupĂ©rieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne UniversitĂ©, UniversitĂ© Paris CitĂ©, Paris F-75005, FrancedUniversitĂ© Evry Paris-Saclay, Cergy Paris UniversitĂ©, CNRS, Laboratoire Analyse et ModĂ©lisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, Evry-Courcouronnes 91025, FranceeInstitut Universitaire de France, Paris 75005, FranceProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceIntermediate filaments such as vimentin are key contributors to cell mechanics. These filaments are continuously assembled and disassembled by the cell as it grows and moves. While the assembly process is relatively well characterized, here we …
- by Nikolas ZöllerJulian BergerIrving LinNathan FuJayanth KomarneniGioele BarabucciKyle LaskowskiVictor ShiaBenjamin HarackEugene A. ChuVito TrianniRalf H. J. M. KurversStefan M. HerzogaCenter for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, GermanybThe Human Diagnosis Project, San Francisco, CA 94110cDepartment of Digital Humanities, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, GermanydHarvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711eDepartment of Politics and International Relations, Oxford University, Oxford OX13UQ, United KingdomfKaiser Permanente, Downey, CA 90242gLaboratory of Autonomous Robotics and Artificial Life & Collective Intelligence in Natural and Artificial Systems Lab, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Rome 00159, ItalyhScience of Intelligence Excellence Cluster, Technical University Berlin, Berlin 10587, GermanyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceLarge language models (LLMs) have great potential for high-stakes applications such as medical diagnostics but face challenges including hallucinations, biases, and lack of common sense. We address these limitations through a hybrid human–AI …
- by Joseph J. MaciagConner E. SloneHala F. AlnajjarMaria F. RichBryce GuionIgal IferganCarl P. BlobelTom C. M. SeegaraDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267bDepartments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021cArthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase)-17 is a crucial enzyme that activates proteins involved in development, immune defense, and tissue repair. Its dysregulation is linked to diseases such as cancer, autoimmune conditions, and COVID-19. …
- by Lucas P. MedeirosDarian K. SorensonBethany J. JohnsonEric P. PalkovacsStephan B. MunchaFisheries Collaborative Program, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060bDepartment of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543cDepartment of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616dDepartment of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064eDepartment of Mathematics, California State Polytechnic University Humboldt, Arcata, CA 95521fDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060gSouthwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA 95060Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceSmall changes in conditions can cause dynamical systems to suddenly shift to new, potentially undesirable, regimes. However, characterizing previously unseen dynamical regimes—a critical bit of information in evaluating the utility of costly …
- by Isis VivancoAlexander EgliBruce CartwrightJuan F. MarĂnLeonardo GordilloaDepartamento de FĂsica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, EstaciĂłn Central, Santiago 9170124, ChilebSchool of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, AustraliacPacific Engineering Systems International, Glebe, NSW 2037, AustraliadDepartamento de FĂsica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemática y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad TecnolĂłgica Metropolitana, Ă‘uñoa, Santiago 780-0003, ChileProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceA synchrowave is a newly conceived and built waveguide for water waves based on the universal principles of resonance in closed loops. Synchrowaves operate remarkably similarly to particle storage rings or synchrotrons. Although the mechanisms,…
- by Zhi LiYiran LuHuajian GaoSharvan KumaraSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, SingaporebSchool of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912cMechano-X Institute, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of ChinaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceHydrogen embrittlement (HE) poses a significant challenge to the development of safe and reliable infrastructure for the hydrogen economy. Despite extensive research, the fundamental mechanisms underlying hydrogen-induced degradation remain …
- by James A. RichardsonJan EngelstädterAndrew D. LettenaSchool of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, AustraliaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceExplaining the ability of species to coexist on a few limiting resources remains one of ecology’s most stubborn challenges. It was once thought that natural fluctuations in the availability of resources could resolve this paradox, but this …
- by Javier González-DelgadoPablo MierPau BernadĂłPierre NeuvialJuan CortĂ©saUniversitĂ© de Rennes, ENSAI, CNRS, CREST-UMR 9194, Rennes F-35000, FrancebAndalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences (Genetics Area), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, SpaincCentre de Biologie Structurale, UniversitĂ© de Montpellier, INSERM and CNRS, Montpellier F-34090, FrancedInstitut de MathĂ©matiques de Toulouse, UMR5219, UniversitĂ© de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse Cedex 9 F-31062, FranceeLAAS-CNRS, UniversitĂ© de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse F-31400, FranceProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceUnderstanding how the genetic code influences protein structure is essential across biology, from gene expression to protein engineering. A recent study claimed that synonymous codons -different nucleotide triplets encoding the same amino acid-…
- by Yuan GaoDokyun LeeGordon BurtchSina FazelpouraDepartment of Information Systems, Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215bFaculty of Computing and Data Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215cDepartment of Philosophy and Religion and Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceThis paper critically evaluates the potential dangers of employing large language models (LLMs) as surrogates for human participants or as simulations of human behavior in social science research. Through an in-depth empirical case study, we …
- by Marco C. MiottoEstefania Luna-FigueroaCarl TchagouLaith BahlouliSteven ReikenHaikel DridiYang LiuGunnar WeningerAndrew R. MarksaDepartment of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032bClyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceCardiac and skeletal muscle weakness are serious health problems resulting from hereditary or age-related diseases. We study the ryanodine receptors, proteins that play an essential role in cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction. Genetic …
- by Silke I. ProbstFlorian D. FelderVictoria PoltorakRitesh MewalalIan K. BlabySerina L. RobinsonaDepartment of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), DĂĽbendorf 8600, SwitzerlandbDepartment of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH, ZĂĽrich, ZĂĽrich 8093, SwitzerlandcUS. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 24, June 2025. SignificanceHumans have introduced carbon–fluorine bonds into numerous manufactured compounds, including pharmaceuticals, leading to the formation of toxic fluorinated byproducts. While the human gut microbiota is known for its ability to metabolize drugs,…
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