{"id":2991,"date":"2022-06-02T13:55:42","date_gmt":"2022-06-02T18:55:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/?p=2991"},"modified":"2024-02-20T09:38:59","modified_gmt":"2024-02-20T15:38:59","slug":"asms-2022-resolution-and-resolving-power-terminology-in-mass-spectrometry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/2022\/06\/asms-2022-resolution-and-resolving-power-terminology-in-mass-spectrometry\/","title":{"rendered":"ASMS 2022: Resolution and Resolving Power Terminology in Mass Spectrometry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">MP 113<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ASMS-2022-MP113-Murray-Resolution-1024x512.jpg\" alt=\"Resolution and Resolving Power Terminology in Mass Spectrometry\" class=\"wp-image-3051\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ASMS-2022-MP113-Murray-Resolution-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ASMS-2022-MP113-Murray-Resolution-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ASMS-2022-MP113-Murray-Resolution-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ASMS-2022-MP113-Murray-Resolution-1568x784.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Resolution and Resolving Power Terminology in Mass Spectrometry<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/msterms\/index.php\/Main_Page\">MS Terms Wiki<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/msterms\/index.php\/Resolution_(mass_spectrometry)\">Resolution Term<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/msterms\/index.php\/Resolving_power_(in_mass_spectrometry)\">Resolving Power Term<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Premise<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Nomenclature inconsistencies and conflicts can best be resolved through a detailed understanding of the origin and development of terms. The goal of this project is to investigate the origins and use as well as prior and current definitions of resolution and resolving power in order to make informed recommendations on the controversial and in some cases conflicting terminology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Current Definitions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In mass spectrometry, two peaks in a mass spectrum are resolved if they are distinguishable as separate. The degree to which the peaks are resolved can be quantified using the peak width or the separation between two peaks and is represented by \u0394(m\/z) where m\/z is the mass-to-charge ratio. For singly charged ions, this can be expressed as \u0394m or, in older publications, as \u0394M. The smallest value of \u0394m for which peaks are resolved is the limit of resolution. <br>\nThere are two general methods to determine \u0394m: peak width and valley:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Peak width:<\/strong> \u0394m is the peak width at a specified fraction of the peak height, for example at 50% \u0394m is the full width at half maximum<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Valley: <\/strong>\u0394m is the separation between two equal height peaks that produces a valley a specified fraction of the height, for example 10%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The 10% valley \u0394m is comparable to the 5% peak height \u0394m and approximately half that obtained from the FWHM.<br>\nThere are three general interpretations of the definitions of resolution and resolving power: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 the terms are equivalent and represented by m\/\u0394m (Meyerson 1975, Murray 2013)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 resolution is m\/\u0394m and resolving power is \u0394m (Price 1991, Todd 1991)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 resolving power is m\/\u0394m and resolution is \u0394m (Beynon 1978).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Historical Use<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Prior\nto the Second World War, the term <em>resolving\npower<\/em>,\ndefined as <em>M\/<\/em><em>\u0394<\/em><em>M<\/em>,<em>\n<\/em>was\nused almost exclusively. <em>Resolution<\/em> was\nused as a binary variable or as the <em>limit\nof resolution<\/em>.\nIn the second half of the 20<sup>th<\/sup>\ncentury, the two terms were increasingly used interchangeably.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>F.W. Aston <\/strong>used\nresolution as a binary variable and resolving power as a quantitative measure,\nfor example, \u201cthe instrument will resolve beams of different masses if the\nchange in <em>\u03d5<\/em> for\nchange of mass is greater than the geometrical spread, and the greater <em>\u03d5<\/em> for a\ngiven mass and given spread the greater the resolving power\u201d (Aston 1922). In\nhis book <em>Mass Spectra and Isotopes<\/em>,\nAston defines resolving power as <em>M\/<\/em><em>\u0394<\/em><em>M\n<\/em>(Aston\n1933).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>J. Dempster <\/strong>defined\nlimit of resolution as <em>\u0394<\/em><em>m\/m\n<\/em>(Dempster\n1918) and, like Aston, often used the construct \u201cone in [<em>mass<\/em>]\u201d\nfor resolving power, as in \u201cresolving power with this comparatively wide slit\nis 1 in 1000\u201d (Dempster 1935).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>K. T. Bainbridge <\/strong>stated\nthat \u201cresolving power is defined as the ratio M\/\u0394M for\ncomplete separation of two lines and so is more stringent than the optical\ndefinition\u201d (Bainbridge 1936).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>J. <\/strong><strong>Mattauch<\/strong><strong>\n<\/strong>defined\nresolving power as <em>M\/<\/em><em>\u0394<\/em><em>M\n<\/em>and\nresolution as <em>\u0394<\/em><em>M\/M\n<\/em>(Mattauch\n1936)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>W. <\/strong><strong>Bleakney<\/strong><strong>\n<\/strong>used\nthe term resolving power in a 1929 publication (Bleakney\n1929) but defined resolution as <em>m\/<\/em><em>\u0394<\/em><em>m\n<\/em>in\na 1949 publication (Mariner 1949).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A. O. <\/strong><strong>Nier<\/strong><strong>\n<\/strong>used\nboth resolving power (Nier\n1936) as well as resolution (Nier\n1960).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>J. H. Beynon <\/strong>in\nhis textbook<em> Mass Spectrometry and its Applications\nto Organic Chemistry<\/em>\nwrites \u201c&#8217;resolution&#8217; and &#8216;resolving power&#8217; have been used a great deal in the\nabove discussion. It has been assumed that the doublet is &#8216;resolved&#8217; when its\nconstituent ion species are &#8216;separated&#8217; and that the difficult of separation or\n&#8216;resolving power&#8217; necessary to separate the adjacent mass peaks is given by <em>M\/<\/em><em>\u0394<\/em><em>M<\/em>\u201d\n(Beynon 1960)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>K. <\/strong><strong>Biemann<\/strong><strong>\n<\/strong>in\nhis textbook <em>Mass Spectrometry: Organic Chemical\nApplications<\/em>,\nstates that&nbsp; \u201cthe term resolution is used\nin different ways &#8211; Throughout this book resolution will be considered as <em>M\/<\/em><em>\u0394<\/em><em>M<\/em>\u201d (Biemann\n1962).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASMS Definitions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Subcommittee\n10 on Definitions and Terms of ASTM Committee E-14 on Mass Spectrometry was\nestablished in 1970 and presented a compendia of terms at the 1974 ASMS meeting\n(Meyerson 1975). The ASMS Nomenclature Committee presented a list of terms at\nthe 1982 ASMS meeting in Honolulu (Cameron 1982) and terms assembled by the\nASMS Measurements and Standards Committee were published in 1991 (Price 1991)\nwhich closely paralleled the contemporary IUPAC recommendations (Todd 1991).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table class=\"wp-block-table\" style=\"font-size:50%\"><tbody><tr><td>\n  <strong>Term<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>Definition<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>Source<\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolution\n  and resolving power<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  These\n  terms commonly used interchangeably, are usually defined as <em>M\/<\/em><em>\u0394<\/em><em>M <\/em>or <em>\u0394<\/em><em>M\/M\n  <\/em>at a value of <em>M<\/em>\n  such that the minimum output signal in the valley between two peaks of equal\n  height equals l0%, or some other specified percent, of the peak height \u2026 [the\n  American Vacuum Society] committee proposes that resolving power at mass <em>M<\/em> be\n  defined as <em>M\/W<\/em>,\n  the ratio of <em>M<\/em>\n  to peak width <em>W<\/em>,\n  and that resolution at mass <em>M<\/em>\n  be defined as the peak width <em>W<\/em>\n  at <em>M<\/em>. \n  <\/td><td>\n  Meyerson\n  1975\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolution<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <em>R<\/em>\n  = (<em>m\/z<\/em>) \/\u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>)\n  where \u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>)\n  is the width of the peak due to an ion having a mass-to-charge ratio of m\/z\n  at 5% of its height. If the peak shape is Gaussian, then \u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>) =\n  4.9 <em>\u03c3<\/em> where\n  <em>\u03c3<\/em> is\n  the standard deviation in the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions defining a\n  given peak. \n  <\/td><td>\n  Cameron\n  1982\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolution:\n  20% valley definition, <\/strong><strong><em>m<\/em><\/strong><strong>\/<\/strong><strong>\u0394<\/strong><strong><em>m<\/em><\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  Let two peaks of equal height in\n  a mass spectrum at masses <em>m<\/em>\n  and <em>m<\/em>-\u0394<em>m<\/em> be\n  separated by a valley that at its lowest point is just 10% of the height of\n  either peak. For similar peaks at a mass exceeding <em>m<\/em>,\n  let the height of the valley at its lowest point be more (by any amount) than\n  10% of either peak height. Then the resolution (10% valley definition) is <em>m\/<\/em><em>\u0394<\/em><em>m<\/em>.\n  It is usually a function of <em>m<\/em>,\n  therefore <em>m<\/em>\/\u0394<em>m<\/em>\n  should be given for a number of\n  values of m.\n  <\/td><td>\n  Price\n  1991\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolution:\n  peak width definition, <\/strong><strong><em>m<\/em><\/strong><strong>\/<\/strong><strong>\u0394<\/strong><strong><em>m<\/em><\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  For a single peak made up of\n  singly charged ions at mass <em>m<\/em>\n  in a mass spectrum, the resolution may be expressed as <em>m\/<\/em>\u0394<em>m<\/em>,\n  where \u0394<em>m<\/em> is\n  the width of the peak at a height that is a specified fraction of the maximum\n  peak height. It is recommended that one of three values 50%, 5%, or 0.5% be\n  used. For an isolated symmetrical peak, recorded with a system that is linear\n  in the range between 5% and 10% levels of the peak, the 5% peak width\n  definition is technically equivalent to the 10% valley definition. A common\n  standard is the definition of resolution based upon \u0394<em>m<\/em>\n  being full width of the peak at half its maximum height, sometimes\n  abbreviated FWHM.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolving\n  Power<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  The ability to distinguish\n  between ions differing slightly in mass-to-charge ratio. It may be\n  characterized by giving the peak width, measured in mass units, expressed as\n  a function of mass, for at least two points on the peak, specifically for 50%\n  and for 5% of the maximum peak height.\n  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IUPAC Definitions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>There\nhave been four IUPAC recommendations for mass spectrometry terminology in the\npast five decades produced by the IUPAC Analytical Chemistry Division\nCommission on Analytical Nomenclature (Robertson 1974), the IUPAC Physical\nChemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy (Beynon\n1978), the IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure\nand Spectroscopy Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy (Todd 1991), and the IUPAC\nPhysical and Biophysical Chemistry Division (Murray 2013). The IUPAC Compendium\nof Chemical Terminology \u201cGold Book\u201d gives definitions of resolution (valley and\nwidth) from Todd 1991 and gives two conflicting definitions for resolving\npower, one from Todd 1991 (also Robertson 1974) that defines resolving power as\n\u0394<em>m<\/em><em>\n<\/em>and\none from Beynon 1978 that defines resolving power as m\/\u0394<em>m<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<table class=\"wp-block-table\" style=\"font-size:50%\"><tbody><tr><td>\n  <strong>Term<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>Definition<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>Source<\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolution (10% valley definition)<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  Let\n  two peaks of equal height in a mass spectrum at masses <em>m<\/em>\n  and <em>m<\/em>\u2212\u0394<em>m<\/em> be\n  separated by a valley which at its lowest point is just 10 per cent of the\n  height of either peak. For similar peaks at a mass exceeding m, let the\n  height of the valley at its lowest point be more (by any amount) than ten per\n  cent of either peak height. Then the resolution (10 per cent valley\n  definition) is <em>m<\/em>\/\u0394<em>m<\/em> .\n  It is usually a function of m. The ratio <em>m<\/em>\/\u0394<em>m<\/em>\n  should be given for a number of values of <em>m<\/em>.\n  <\/td><td>\n  Orange\n  Book\n  Todd\n  1991\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolution (peak width definition)<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  For\n  a single peak made up of singly charged ions at mass <em>m<\/em> in\n  a mass spectrum, the resolution may be expressed as <em>m<\/em>\/\u0394<em>m<\/em>\n  where \u0394<em>m<\/em> is\n  the width of the peak at a height which is a specified fraction of the\n  maximum peak height. It is recommended that one of three values 50%, 5% or\n  0.5% should always be used. For an isolated symmetrical peak recorded with a\n  system which is linear in the range between 5% and 10% levels of the peak,\n  the 5% peak width definition is technically equivalent to the 10% valley\n  definition. A common standard is the definition of resolution based upon \u0394<em>m<\/em>\n  being Full Width of the peak at Half its Maximum height, sometimes\n  abbreviated &#8216;FWHM&#8217;. This acronym should preferably be defined the first time\n  it is used.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolution<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  the observed <em>m\/z <\/em>value\n  divided by the smallest difference \u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>)\n  for two ions that can be separated: (<em>m\/z<\/em>)\/\u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>). \n  <\/td><td>\n  Murray\n  2013\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolution:\n  10 % valley definition <\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  Value of (<em>m\/z<\/em>)\/\u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>)\n  measured for two peaks of equal height in a mass spectrum at m\/z and <em>m\/z <\/em>\u00b1 \u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>)\n  that are separated by a valley which at its lowest point is 10% of the height\n  of either peak. For peaks of similar height separated by a valley, let the\n  height of the valley at its lowest point be 10% of the lower peak. Then the\n  resolution (10% valley definition) is (<em>m\/z<\/em>)\/\u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>)\n  and should be given for a number of values of <em>m\/z<\/em>.\n  \n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolution: peak width definition <\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  For\n  a single peak corresponding to singly charged ions at mass m in a mass\n  spectrum, the resolution may be expressed as (<em>m\/z<\/em>)\/\u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>),\n  where \u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>)\n  is the width of the peak at a height which is a specified fraction of the\n  maximum peak height. It is recommended that one of three values 50, 5, or\n  0.5% should always be used. \n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  \n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolving\n  power<\/strong>\n  <strong>In\n  mass spectrometry<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  The ability to distinguish\n  between ions differing in the quotient mass\/charge by a small increment. It\n  may be characterized by giving the peak width, measured in mass units,\n  expressed as a function of mass, for at least two points on the peak,\n  specifically at fifty percent and at five percent of the maximum peak height.\n  <\/td><td>\n  Orange\n  Book\n  Robertson\n  1974\n  Todd\n  1991\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Mass\n  resolving power<\/strong>\n  <strong>In\n  mass spectrometry<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  Commonly and also acceptably\n  defined in terms of the overlap (or &#8216;valley&#8217;) between two peaks. Thus for two\n  peaks of equal height, masses m<sub>1<\/sub>\n  and m<sub>2<\/sub>,\n  when there is overlap between the two peaks to a stated percentage of either\n  peak height (10% is recommended), then the resolving power is defined as <em>m<\/em><em><sub>1<\/sub><\/em>\/(<em>m<\/em><em><sub>1<\/sub><\/em> &#8211; <em>m<\/em><em><sub>2<\/sub><\/em>). \n  <\/td><td>\n  Beynon\n  1978\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>Resolving\n  power<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  Measure of the ability of a mass\n  spectrometer to provide a specified value of mass resolution. Note: The\n  procedure by which \u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>)\n  was defined and measured, and the <em>m\/z\n  <\/em>value at which the measurement was\n  made, should be reported. \n  <\/td><td>\n  Murray\n  2013\n  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recommendations<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Terminology\nrecommendations for resolution and resolving power must take into account the\ncurrent interchangeable use of the terms as well as the longstanding use of\nresolving power as <em>m<\/em>\/\u0394<em>m<\/em>. It\nis the opinion of the author that resolution should be used as a binary\nvariable, resolving power defined as <em>m\/<\/em><em>\u0394<\/em><em>m<\/em> be\nencouraged, and limit of resolution defined as <em>\u0394<\/em><em>m\/m\n<\/em>be\nused where necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Resolution:\n<\/strong>The\nuse of resolution as a quantitative measure is discouraged: use resolving power\nor limit of resolution as appropriate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Resolving\npower: <\/strong>The\nobserved <em>m\/z <\/em>value divided by the smallest\ndifference \u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>) for\ntwo peaks that can be separated: (<em>m\/z<\/em>)\/\u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Limit\nof resolution: <\/strong>The\nsmallest difference \u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>) for\ntwo peaks that can be separated divided by m\/z: \u0394(<em>m\/z<\/em>)\/(<em>m\/z)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nrecommendations above are those of the author who hopes that these concepts\nwill be considered when developing the next list of terminology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Aston,\nF.W.: Some problems of the mass-spectrograph. <em>Philos.\nMag. <\/em><strong>43<\/strong>, 514 (1922) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aston,\nF.W.: <em>Mass Spectra and Isotopes, <\/em>Arnold,\nLondon, (1933).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bainbridge,\nK.T., Jordan, E.B.: Mass Spectrum Analysis. <em>Phys.\nRev. <\/em><strong>50<\/strong>, 282 (1936) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biemann, K: <em>Mass\nSpectrometry: Organic Chemical Applications<\/em>, McGraw-Hill, New York (1962).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bleakney, W.:\nA New Method of Positive Ray Analysis and Its Application to the Measurement of\nIonization Potentials in Mercury Vapor. <em>Phys.\nRev. <\/em><strong>34<\/strong>, 157 (1929)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beynon,\nJ.H.: Recommendations for Symbolism and Nomenclature for Mass Spectroscopy. <em>Pure\nAppl. Chem. <\/em><strong>50<\/strong>, 65 (1978)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beynon,\nJ.H. <em>Mass Spectrometry and its Applications to\nOrganic Chemistry<\/em>,\nElsevier, (1960) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cameron,\nD.: ASMS Nomenclature Committee Workshop. Annual Conference on Mass\nSpectrometry and Allied Topics Abstracts. <strong>30<\/strong>, 901\n(1982).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dempster,\nA.J.: A new method of positive ray analysis. <em>Phys.\nRev. <\/em><strong>11<\/strong>, 316 (1918) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dempster,\nA.J.: New Methods in Mass Spectroscopy. <em>Proc,\nAm. Phil. Soc<\/em>.\n<strong>75<\/strong>, 755 (1935)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mariner,\nT., Bleakney, W.:\nA large mass spectrometer employing crossed electric and magnetic fields. <em>Rev.\nSci. <\/em><em>Instrum<\/em><em>.\n<\/em><strong>20<\/strong>, 297 (1949)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meyerson,\nS.: Definitions and terms in mass spectrometry. <em>Biomed.\nMass <\/em><em>Spectrom<\/em><em>.\n<\/em>2,\n59 (1975)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mattauch, J.:\nA Double-Focusing Mass Spectrograph and the Masses of N<sup>15<\/sup> and 0<sup>18<\/sup>. <em>Phys.\nRev.<\/em>\n<strong>50<\/strong>, 617 (1936) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Murray,\nK.K., Boyd, R.K., Eberlin,\nM.N., Langley, G.J., Li, L., Naito, Y.: Definitions of terms relating to mass\nspectrometry, <em>Pure. Appl. Chem. <\/em><strong>85<\/strong>,\n1515-1609 (2013)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nier,\nA.O.: A Mass-Spectrographic Study of the Isotopes of Argon, Potassium,\nRubidium, Zinc and Cadmium. <em>Phys.\nRev. <\/em><strong>50<\/strong>, 1041 (1936)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nier,\nA.O.: Small General Purpose Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer. <em>Rev.\nSci. <\/em><em>Instrum<\/em>.<strong>\n31<\/strong>,\n1127 (1960) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Price,\nP.: Standard definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry. <em>J.\nAm. Soc. Mass <\/em><em>Spectrom<\/em><em>.\n<\/em><strong>2<\/strong>, 336 (1991)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Robertson,\nA.J.B.: Recommendations for Nomenclature of Mass Spectrometry. <em>Pure\nAppl. Chem.<\/em>\n<strong>37<\/strong>, 469 (1974)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Todd,\nJ.F.J.: Recommendations for Nomenclature and Symbolism for Mass-Spectroscopy. <em>Pure.\nAppl. Chem. <\/em><strong>63<\/strong>, 1541 (1991)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>MP 113 MS Terms Wiki Resolution Term Resolving Power Term Premise Nomenclature inconsistencies and conflicts can best be resolved through a detailed understanding of the origin and development of terms. The goal of this project is to investigate the origins and use as well as prior and current definitions of resolution and resolving power in &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/2022\/06\/asms-2022-resolution-and-resolving-power-terminology-in-mass-spectrometry\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;ASMS 2022: Resolution and Resolving Power Terminology in Mass Spectrometry&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3051,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[161,13,134,88],"tags":[11],"class_list":["post-2991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-asms-2022","category-conference","category-lsu","category-terminology","tag-asms","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2991","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2991"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2991\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3058,"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2991\/revisions\/3058"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2991"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kermitmurray.com\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}